Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis

Background Ankylosing Spondylitis is a rare chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder affecting primarily sacroiliac joint and axial skeletal. Affecting males more than females with a ratio of 2:1. It is one of the diseases among Spondyloarthropathies, others include * Psoriatic Arthritis * Reactive Arthritis * Enteropathic Arthritis * Undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathies. There is another form of Ankylosing Spondylitis that is juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis affecting children under 16 years of age. Clinical Presentation Morning Stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes. Insidious onset pain. onset in early age, before 40. Peripheral  Enthesitis and Arthritis. organ-specific extra-articular manifestation […]

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Bimanual Synkinesis in pakistan

Akbar, 24 years old male, factory worker presented to us with a complaint of synergistic movement of both upper limbs that create difficulty during his work and the condition persists since birth   Synkinesis is a neurological symptom in which a voluntary muscle movement causes the simultaneous involuntary contraction of other muscles. An example might be smiling inducing an involuntary contraction of the eye muscles, causing a person to squint when smiling. Facial and extraocular muscles are affected most often; in rare cases, a person’s hands might perform mirror movements. Synkinesis is usually […]

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